Three species of voles occur in Missouri: the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum), and meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). The prairie and woodland voles occur statewide, while the meadow vole is found only in extreme northern Missouri. Voles damage trees and ornamental plantings by girdling seedlings and mature trees. Large colonies can cause extensive damage, especially in apple orchards. In addition, their burrowing activity and associated surface runways can ruin lawns and ground covers.
Don't confuse voles with moles and shrews
Moles have greatly enlarged front feet with prominent digging claws. Shrews have long, pointed snouts and pointed front teeth. Voles have rounded, somewhat blunt snouts and their front teeth are chisel shaped. Being vegetarians, voles leave bits of freshly cut vegetation and accumulations of droppings are present in active runways.
The Wildlife Code of Missouri specifies that damage-causing voles may be trapped or shot to prevent further damage. Refer to 3 CSR 10-4.130 Owner May Protect Property; Public Safety of the Code for details and restrictions.
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Exclusion
Hardware cloth cylinders exclude voles from seedlings and young trees. The mesh should be one-quarter inch or less in size. Bury the wire 6 inches deep to prevent voles from burrowing under the cylinder.
Eliminate weeds, ground cover, and litter in and around crops, lawns, and cultivated areas to reduce the capacity of these areas to support voles. Lawn and turf should be mowed regularly. Mulch should be cleared 3 feet or more from the bases of trees.
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Fumigants & Repellents
Fumigants and repellents are not recommended because none are known to be effective. Mothballs are not effective and the naphthalene they contain is toxic and the vapor harmful to humans. Zinc phosphide is the most commonly used toxicant and is available in pelleted and grain bait formulations. Place by hand in runways and burrow openings to minimize exposure to non-target species. When using toxicants, take necessary measures to ensure the safety of children, pets, and nontarget animals.
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Trapping
Mouse-sized snap traps can be used to control small populations. Place the trap next to the runway with the trigger-end in the runway. Bait with a peanut butter-oatmeal mixture or apple slices.
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Shooting
While possible, not a practical option.