Antlion Larvae (Doodlebug Larvae)

image of Antlion Larva on rock
Scientific Name
More than 100 species in North America north of Mexico
Family
Myrmeleontidae (antlions) in the order Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings, and allies)
Description

Larval antlions are oval, plump, flattened, soft-bodied, with segmented abdomens and 6 legs. They are mottled and dirt-colored, often with bristles. The head is flattened and bears a pair of large, sicklelike pincers that often have spines. Larvae in the genus Myrmeleon are most familiar. Though seldom seen, they live just beneath small, conical pits they create in sandy or loose soil. When they walk about on sandy surfaces, they leave behind meandering, scrawl-like patterns, hence the name “doodlebug.”

Adult antlions are much larger than their larvae and look like fragile, drab damselflies, with an elongated body, four intricately veined wings mottled with browns and black, and clubbed or curved antennae about as long as the combined head and thorax.

Size
Larval length: when fully grown, to about ½ inch. Adult length: 1½ to 3 inches (not including appendages; varies with species).
Where To Find
image of Antlions Doodlebugs Distribution Map
Statewide.
Larval antlions are found, often in groups, in areas of sandy soil. There, each digs a conical pit by creeping backward and downward, using its head to flip soil away in quick jerks. The antlion needs this sandy pit to hunt, so soil conditions must be just right for an effective trap. Adult antlions fly soon after their wings harden and are best looked for during calm, late-summer sunsets and evenings, as they flutter about seeking mates and good places to lay eggs. They also come to lights.
Antlion larvae are voracious predators of ants and other small insects. Waiting quietly at the bottom of its conical pit, with just the tips of its pincerlike fangs protruding, the antlion larva quickly grabs any ant or other insect unlucky enough to tumble down the sides of the sandy pit in a miniature landslide. The antlion snags the prey in its caliper-like jaws and drags it below the pit, where it drinks its juices. Then the antlion hurls the drained skin beyond the edges of the pit and waits again. Antlions spend only about a month, or a little longer, in their adult form, nourishing themselves with nectar and pollen.
Common in the sandy or dusty situations they require.
Adult female antlions lay eggs singly in sandy soil. These hatch into small larvae that dig pits in the soil, live just under the base of the pit, and eat voraciously, molting occasionally as they grow. When ready to become adults, they dig more deeply into the soil and begin a pupal stage within a round cocoon made of sand and silk. After about a month, the insect emerges as an adult, crawls aboveground, allows its wings to harden, and takes flight. The adult antlions mate and repeat the cycle.
Like spiders, praying mantises, lady beetles, and lacewings, antlions quietly provide people, and the rest of the earth, the service of natural, nontoxic insect control. They are fascinating to watch, and science fiction writers certainly draw inspiration from creatures like these.
The antlion’s name honors its role as a top predator in the miniature world of insects, where, to animals like ants, a patch of sandy soil is like a major sand dunes. The adult antlions, flimsy, fluttery creatures, race to mate and lay eggs before being eaten by birds, bats, and other fly eaters.
Media Gallery
image of Antlion Larva on rock
Antlions live just beneath small, conical pits they create in sandy or loose soil. There they wait quietly, ready to grab any ant or other insect unlucky enough to tumble down the sides.
Donna Brunet
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Photo of antlion pits in dusty ground
Antlion larvae need their sandy pits to hunt, so soil conditions must be just right for an effective trap.
Donna Brunet
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Photo of a conical antlion pit in sandy soil
The antlion larva waits at the bottom of its pit, with just the tips of its pincerlike fangs protruding. When an insect falls in, the antlion snags it in its caliper-like jaws, drags it below, and drinks its juices.
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Photo of adult antlion with wings spread
Adult antlions look like fragile, drab damselflies, with an elongated body, four intricately veined wings mottled with browns and black, and clubbed or curved antennae about as long as the head and thorax.
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
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Photo of an adult antlion with distinctively marked black and pink wings
The antlion species Glenurus gratus has distinctively marked wings. The wingspan can reach 3½ inches.
Anonymous
5/6
photo of adult antlion with wings folded
Adult antlions fly soon after their wings harden and are best looked for during calm, late-summer sunsets and evenings, as they flutter about seeking mates and good places to lay eggs. They also come to lights.
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
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image of Antlion Larva on rock
Photo of antlion pits in dusty ground
Photo of a conical antlion pit in sandy soil
Photo of adult antlion with wings spread
Photo of an adult antlion with distinctively marked black and pink wings
photo of adult antlion with wings folded
Similar Species
About Land Invertebrates in Missouri
Invertebrates are animals without backbones, including earthworms, slugs, snails, and arthropods. Arthropods—invertebrates with “jointed legs” — are a group of invertebrates that includes crayfish, shrimp, millipedes, centipedes, mites, spiders, and insects. There may be as many as 10 million species of insects alive on earth today, and they probably constitute more than 90 percent all animal species.