(Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo)
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| Hunters bagged 217,435 deer during the first part of Missouri's firearms deer season Nov. 16 through 26. That is 11,568 more than the 2001 November firearms deer harvest. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
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| Stephen J. Wilson, Deputy Director (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
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| Carter Campbell, Administrative Services Division (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
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| Lorna H. Domke, Outreach and Education Division (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
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| Dale D. Humburg, Science Division (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
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| David W. Erickson, Wildlife Division (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
Conservation officials say they will pursue fiscal and administrative efficiency and hold public meetings to develop a vision for the future of conservation in Missouri.
JEFFERSON CITY -- Fine-tuning its organizational structure and modest downsizing will help the Missouri Department of Conservation prepare for the future, according to top agency administrators. They say a leaner, more effective agency will be better prepared for its changing mission.
Director John Hoskins said the Conservation Department, like other state agencies, faces financial challenges as a result of a sluggish economy. Budgetary efficiency is one of the goals of changes he has made in the agency since he took over as its leader July 1. His other major goal to date has been fine-tuning the agency's administrative structure to meet its changing mission.
"For 25 years, we have used the resources that Missourians gave us to build the nation's most innovative, dynamic conservation program," said Hoskins. "In large part, that involved buying land and building facilities to help people enjoy the outdoors. Our challenge now is to take care of those assets while helping private landowners practice conservation on their land, which is nine-tenths of the state. To accomplish that mission, we have to use our resources judiciously and develop the most efficient, effective organization possible.
One of the first things Hoskins did after taking the helm of the agency was to review its administrative structure. He concluded that it was heavy on middle management.
Accordingly, on Jan. 1 the agency will fold two of its 10 regions into the remaining eight. At the same time, Hoskins will reduce the number of unit chiefs - who oversee regional operations - from three to two. In all, the changes will eliminate 14 mid-level administrator jobs and save the state $2.1 million in operating expenses annually.
Also effective Jan 1, the Conservation Department will combine its Natural History Division and its research center. It also will merge the Design and Development and Administrative Services divisions. Hoskins said that by combining units whose functions are parallel, the agency will realize additional savings.
Deputy Director Steve Wilson said the changes are intended to do more than just save money, however. "Middle management is essential to an effective organization," said Wilson. "But when it grows beyond a certain point it becomes expensive and cumbersome. Streamlining will improve communication both ways - up and down the line - and make operations smoother."
Hoskins said he believes the department's administrative structure is basically sound. The current structure was created under the administration of Hoskins' predecessor, Jerry Conley. It relies on regional coordination teams, with representatives from each division, to make local management decisions.
"Basing the decision-making process in the field rather than in the central office is responsive to local needs and results in more realistic solutions," said Hoskins. "The changes we are making won't change that at all. What we are doing is more downsizing than restructuring."
Hoskins said offices will remain open in the regions that are rolled into others, and the office staffs will stay to serve the public and Conservation Department field staff. "These will remain public contact offices," said Hoskins. "We consider that function extremely important. Handling it this way will enable us to provide services more efficiently, so we devote more of our resources for on-the-ground conservation work."
Hoskins said the Conservation Department soon will begin mapping out strategic goals. As part of that process, the agency will hold public meetings to learn what Missourians want from their conservation program.
Hoskins said he plans to use new, innovative mechanisms to encourage people to voice their needs. He plans to identify interest groups and solicit their ideas at regional public forums.
"To succeed, we need a partnership between the Conservation Department and its constituents," said Hoskins. "Between us, we will develop a vision for where we want to be 25 years from now. Working together will ensure that we get there."
- Jim Low -
Medical conditions that make hunting difficult don't have to stop Missourians from enjoying the thrill of the chase.
JEFFERSON CITY -- Fifteen-year-old Justin Montgomery of Poplar Bluff experiences a rush of excitement when a deer appears within range of his hunting blind. Adrenalin flows, his heart races, and time takes on a slow-motion quality as his senses focus on his quarry like a laser. In that transcendent moment of oneness with nature, the fact that he has spina bifida is among the least important things about Montgomery.
Montgomery, 15, joins the approximately 425,000 other Missourians who answer the call of the wild each November, pursuing deer with firearms and bows and arrows. He is able to do so, in part, thanks to the Missouri Department's policy of granting hunting method exemptions to enable people with disabilities to participate in various types of hunting.
Spina bifida, a birth defect that causes varying degrees of paralysis, occurs in approximately one of every 1,000 newborns in the United States. Montgomery can handle a rifle without too much trouble. He has hunted doves, squirrels and turkey, and he bagged his first deer on opening day of firearms deer season Nov. 16.
"He's just like any other kid," said his father, David Montgomery. "He likes computer games, watching sports and fishing. As far as he's concerned, he can do anything anyone else can."
Justin's can-do attitude has practical limits. This year, he decided he wanted to hunt during archery deer season. Dave knew that his son couldn't draw a regular bow, and crossbows aren't legal archery gear in Missouri. However, he also knew that the Missouri Department of Conservation sometimes allows hunters with disabilities to hunt in ways that aren't available to most hunters. With a doctor's letter certifying that Justin isn't physically able to draw a bow, David was able to get an exemption allowing his son to hunt with a crossbow.
Justin hasn't bagged a deer with a crossbow yet, but he had one close enough for a shot. The deer was facing him rather than standing broadside. Since he couldn't be sure of a quick, clean kill, he didn't shoot. But with his hunting methods exemption, Justin can look forward to many more archery hunts, just like any other young, avid hunter.
Kenny Singleton, of Vienna, was born without physical disabilities. But the semi-retired computer programmer has discovered that even able-bodied people can become disabled at any time.
Singleton's discovery came when his oldest son took up bow hunting. He wanted to share his son's new hobby, but discovered that he was unable to draw a bow due to severe, permanent tendinitis - commonly called tennis "elbow."
Because he had never hunted with a regular bow, Singleton, 54, felt self-conscious about asking for an exemption to hunt with a crossbow. But his desire to spend time with his son eventually prevailed.
"I didn't know if I would qualify, and I thought there would be a lot of red tape," said Singleton. "But it was easy. My family doctor wrote a letter saying that I wasn't able to draw a bow and that I probably wouldn't ever be able to. That's all it took."
Singleton is shopping for a crossbow.
At age 25, Everett Dooley of Palmyra was riding bucking broncos in rodeos. His last ride 20 years ago ended in a fall that broke his back and left him without the use of his legs. Now a dispatcher for the Northeast Power Cooperative, Dooley still is physically active. He says he never considered surrendering his passion for hunting.
"I got hurt in September and spent nine months in the hospital," he recalled. "I was back out in the woods the next fall and killed a little 6-point buck."
Because of his loss of mobility, Dooley has a hunting method exemption that allows him to hunt from a stationary vehicle. He says he seldom uses it, however. "If I don't have anyone to go with me, I might hunt out of my van and call a friend on my cell phone for help if I shoot a deer."
Dooley said he had hunted all his life, and you still can find him hunting ducks, deer, turkey and other game almost any time he isn't at work. "When you love something as much as I love hunting, I can't imagine letting anything stop you from doing it," he said.
So far this year, the Conservation Department has issued more than 2,429 hunting method exemptions. 963 were temporary. In the other 1,466 cases, doctors certified that applicants have permanent conditions that prevent them from hunting as most other hunters do.
Applications for hunting method exemptions are available from Conservation Department regional service centers or from Protection Division, Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180, 573/751-4115.
For information about areas with special facilities for people with disabilities, request the free booklet "Missouri's Accessible Outdoors" from any Conservation Department regional office or nature center, or visit http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/accessibility/.
- Jim Low -
Deer harvest totals were up in every region of Missouri, thanks to perfect weather and liberal hunting regulations.
JEFFERSON CITY --deal hunting conditions and liberal regulations enabled hunters to set an opening-weekend deer harvest record in Missouri. Hunters bagged 127,251 deer Nov. 16 and 17.
The 2002 opening weekend harvest is up 10,698 from the record set last year. Hunters were unable, however, to improve their safety record. Just as in 2001, two firearms-related hunting accidents occurred during the opening weekend. Neither accident was fatal.
"I think it's safe to say the opening weekend harvest is a result of good weather and the liberalization of the any-deer permits," says Missouri Department of Conservation Wildlife Program Supervisor Bill Heatherly. "The mild temperatures encouraged hunters to stay out for as long as they needed to bag a deer. And the ability to use any-deer permits throughout the state gave hunters the freedom to use several good hunting locations."
Heatherly says the opening weekend harvest typically accounts for about 60 percent of the season total. Based on that, the deer kill during the Nov. firearms season could top 212,000.
Leading in harvest figures were Benton County, where hunters checked 2,642 deer, St. Clair County with 2,602 followed by Henry County, where the harvest total was 2,385.
Regional totals were: northeast, 22,848; west-central, 21,922; northwest, 19,857; central, 14,957; east-central, 12,416; southwest, 11,848; Ozark, 10,316; Southeast, 8,683; Kansas City, 2,441; St. Louis, 1,963.
- Arleasha Mays -
By the time the Lewis & Clark bicentennial rolls around, history buffs and nature lovers from all over the nation will be saying, "Meet me in St. Louis."
ST. LOUIS -- The first phase of construction at Columbia Bottom Conservation Area is nearing completion, and the Missouri Department of Conservation says the area could be reopened to visitors as soon as next spring.
The 4,300-acre area lies at the northeastern tip of St. Louis County, just minutes away from downtown St. Louis. That puts it within 25 miles of almost one-third of Missouri residents. Further enhancing the area's recreational potential is its position at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.
The Conservation Department bought the land from the City of St. Louis in 1997. In planning the area's development, conservation officials considered the metropolitan area's need for flood control as well as recreation and fish and wildlife conservation. When complete, the project will offer opportunities for hiking, bicycling, wildlife viewing, fishing and hunting. The area also will figure prominently in events during the three-year bicentennial celebration of the Lewis and Clark expedition, which passed the site in 1804 and again in 1806.
The Conservation Department closed Columbia Bottom CA to visitors last spring to start the first phase of the Columbia Bottom development project. Wet weather and flooding stymied construction throughout the spring and early summer, but area manager Tom Leifield said project has progressed rapidly since July 1.
According to Leifield, work is 60 to 80 percent complete on a 5-mile asphalt road from the entrance at the area's western boundary to a point overlooking the two rivers' confluence. He said a boardwalk and a stone viewing platform overlooking the confluence are 95 percent complete. The trail to the boardwalk still is under construction. A crushed limestone walking and biking trail more or less parallel to the road is about 80 percent finished.
Standing on that viewing platform, you will be able to feel the power of the rivers and get a sense of what Lewis & Clark experienced as they passed with the Corps of Discovery," said Leifield.
Also in Phase I, the Conservation Department is building a boat ramp and a fishing pier on the Missouri River along the area's northern edge.
"We are very happy with our contractor's performance under difficult circumstances," said Leifield. "If we can get through next spring without flooding, there is a good chance we will be able to re-open Columbia Bottom on a limited basis next spring while work on other projects continues."
One important aspect of the development is reopening parts of the area to natural flooding. At the area's southeastern edge, fronting the Mississippi River, the Conservation Department already has removed an existing agricultural levee and replaced it with one farther inland. This allows the river more room to spread out during high flows. Besides creating wetland habitat critical to waterfowl and a wide variety of other wildlife, setting back the levee will lessen the severity of future floods.
As work continues, the Conservation Department will install levees, pump stations and a network of structures to permit selective flooding of up to 800 acres of the area's interior with river water. These managed wetland pools will provide resting and feeding areas for ducks, geese and other migratory birds. They also will offer superb birdwatching opportunities in the spring.
During waterfowl hunting seasons, part of the wetlands will be a designated wildlife refuge, which will be closed to all visitors. The remainder will be open to hunting. The refuge and other wetland areas will be open for birdwatching and other wildlife study at other times of year.
Phase II construction will include a maintenance shop at the area's western edge. At the same time, the Conservation Department is developing a trail in cooperation with Americorps. The trail runs along the area's northern and eastern borders parallel to the Missouri River.
The third and final phase of construction at Columbia bottom still is being designed. It will include a visitor center and scenic overlook on high ground in the area's northwestern corner, a wildlife viewing platform adjacent to the managed wetland pools and a road around the managed wetlands, including the refuge.
Also in Phase III, the Conservation Department will build a kayak and canoe boat access near the area's southeastern corner, on the Mississippi River. The access will allow visitors with small craft to float from the upstream access and take out about six miles downstream, still on the conservation area. Trails will provide a land route back to the starting point.
"The existing barn was a neat old timber post construction and we wanted to save it if possible," said Leifield. "Our Design and Development staff looked at it and decided it was practical and could be modified into a visitor center. As a result, the center will incorporate a piece of the area's physical history."
Eventually, the area also will offer visitors eight "exploration stations." These will constitute a self-guided tour of the area with interpretive information about the diverse types of fish and wildlife habitat at Columbia Bottom CA.
"Saint Louisans should be extremely excited about this project," said Leifield. "It is going to be valuable on so many levels. The opportunities for hunting, fishing, boating and other nature-based recreation will be tremendous. On top of that, by preserving wetlands and helping reduce the severity of future floods, the development of Columbia Bottom will safeguard the region's economic and biological stability for generations to come. Few projects provide such a wide range of benefits at such modest cost."
In all, the Conservation Department estimates development costs at Columbia Bottom at approximately $10 million. A substantial part of that cost will be covered by federal matching funds. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Missouri River Mitigation Project is providing more than $4 million for managed wetland development and other habitat restoration work at Columbia Bottom CA. Other federal funds are supporting river access development.
- Patti Redel & Jim Low -
Stream pollution carries a high environmental cost. The nation's largest private corporation will pay for killing fish in the Loutre River two years ago
MONTGOMERY CITY, Mo. -- Cargill Inc. has learned that fish kills can be very costly. The Audrain County Circuit Court has ordered the company to pay the Missouri Department of Conservation $62,687 for a fish kill resulting from a hog waste spill on the Loutre River.
The fine assessed Cargill includes payment for the economic value of the fish killed and costs incurred by the Conservation Department to investigate the spill. Several thousand fish died between July 27 and July 31, 2000 when Cargill illegally dumped waste from its McCaw Farm storage facility into the Loutre River.
The restitution for the Conservation Department is part of $286,778 in damages the company will pay state and local governments. Cargill must pay $160,000 to the Audrain County School Fund and $54,091 to the Missouri Department of Natural Resources for violating the Missouri Clean Water Law.
Cargill, a diversified company with more than 80,000 employees worldwide, also was ordered to pay $10,000 to cover the legal and investigative costs incurred by the Missouri Attorney General's office.
Cargill is the largest private corporation in United States. Its interests include food production and processing, trading in oil and agricultural commodities, futures brokering, feed and fertilizer production and steelmaking. The company is the nation's top grain grower and second-largest meat packer.
- Arleasha Mays -
Youngsters raised the number of deer harvested during the two-day youth segment of firearms deer season while setting an enviable safety example for adult hunters to follow.
JEFFERSON CITY - Missouri’s youth-only deer season is hitting the mark as a safe way for youngsters to learn how to hunt.
The Missouri Department of Conservation reported no accidents during the hunting period Nov. 2 and 3. Youngsters harvested 7,580 deer. That figure is 1,303 higher than last year, when the Conservation Department conducted the first hunting season exclusively for state residents aged 15 and under.
Youth hunters in Northeast Missouri bagged the most deer, with 1,187 deer brought to check stations in the region. West-central Missouri was second with 1,072. The other regional totals were: east-central, 933; central, 930; northwest, 912; Ozark, 799; southwest, 774; southeast, 694; Kansas City, 142 and St. Louis, 137.
Callaway County topped county harvest total with 191 deer bagged during the youth season. Pike County was second with 168, followed by Osage County where the harvest total was 162.
Missouri hunters are expected to harvest more than 200,000 deer during the 2002 firearms season. Three opportunities remain for hunters to head to the deer woods. The Nov. firearms segment takes place Nov 16 through 26. The muzzleloader segment runs Dec. 7 through 15, and the antlerless only portion of the season is Dec. 19 through 22.
- Arleasha Mays -
JEFFERSON CITY - Hunters who are committed to preserving Missouri’s deer herd can help ensure the future of their sport by taking part in a voluntary chronic wasting disease (CWD) monitoring program.
Last year, the Missouri Department of Conservation tested 72 deer for CWD disease. All tested negative for the disease. This year, the Conservation Department wants to test enough deer to be able to detect CWD even if it is present only at very low levels.
“We want to be sure that if CWD is here, we find out about it in time to do something about it,” said Eric Kurzejeski, wildlife research supervisor for the Conservation Department’s research center in Columbia. “The sampling regimen we have set up is designed to detect CWD in as little as 2 percent of the state’s deer population.”
Kurzejeski said the Conservation Department has no indication that CWD is present in Missouri, but is taking no chances. During the firearms deer hunting season Nov. 16 through Nov. 26, the agency hopes to take tissue samples from 6,000 deer. To get them, they will rely on the cooperation of deer hunters.
At present, the only practical way to diagnose CWD is by examining brain tissue from deer. The Conservation Department plans to test 6,000 deer each year for the next three years, eventually testing deer from every county in the state.
The sampling program will be strictly voluntary. Conservation Department personnel will ask 200 deer hunters in each of 30 counties to donate the heads of their deer when they bring their kills to check stations this year. They will collect 6,000 deer at check stations in 30 other randomly selected counties next year, and the remainder of Missouri’s 114 counties will be sampled in 2004.
Tissue samples from all the deer will be sent to a federally approved laboratory and tested for CWD. Test results will be released as soon as they are available, probably within three or four months.
Counties to be sampled this year are Andrew, Bates, Bollinger, Caldwell, Callaway, Carroll, Chariton, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, St. Francois, Franklin, Greene, Holt, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Madison, Monroe, Pike, Platte, Ripley, St. Clair, St. Louis, Scotland, Sullivan, Taney, Texas, and Warren.
Kurzejeski said hunters who agree to donate deer heads won’t be delayed long at check stations. “It shouldn’t take more than five minutes to remove the heads,” he said. For hunters who have bucks, we can remove the antlers with a skull plate for mounting and have them on their way in 10 or 15 minutes. They will have their trophies and the satisfaction of knowing they helped keep Missouri’s deer herd healthy.”
Kurzejeski emphasized that CWD is not considered a human health threat. “The World Health Organization and the Missouri Department of Health agree there is no evidence that CWD infects humans,” he said. “This disease has been known for more than 30 years, and in all that time not one of the nation’s 16 million deer and elk hunters has ever been known to get CWD. It hasn’t affected livestock, either.”
Kurzejeski said deer hunters should take common-sense measures when harvesting and handling deer. To begin with, he said, it makes sense not to shoot any deer that appears unhealthy. If you do shoot a deer that is acting strangely, report it to a conservation agent. He said it also makes sense to wear rubber gloves when field dressing or butchering wild game. Finally, he recommended removing venison from the bone.
- Jim Low -
Missourians bagged almost 1,000 more turkeys this fall than they did in 2001.
JEFFERSON CITY - Using safety and productivity as the measures of success, Missouri hunters had a nearly perfect fall firearms turkey season.
Hunters who went afield during the two-week season October 14-27 bagged 14,487 birds. That is up from last fall’s harvest of 13,554.
Laclede County was the top county with a bag of 415 turkeys, Henry County was second with 320, and 316 birds were taken in Cedar County. Northwest Missouri led regional harvest totals with 2,667 birds checked, and west-central Missouri was second with 2,612. The northeast region was third with 2,279. Remaining regional harvest figures were: central, 1,210; Ozark, 883; southwest, 1,574; east-central, 1,676; southeast, 864; Kansas City, 507 and St. Louis, 215.
The only downside of the fall turkey season was the occurrence of two accidents. Neither was fatal. That’s the same number of accidents that were recorded during the 2001 fall turkey season.
- Arleasha Mays -
JEFFERSON CITY - The Missouri Conservation Commission will meet Nov. 20 and 21 in central Missouri.
The Commission will meet in closed session Nov. 20 at the Missouri Department of Conservation’s Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1110 S. College Ave. The Commission will meet in open session at 8:30 a.m. Nov. 21 in the Regency Room of the Columbia Best Western Inn, 3 100 1-70 Drive SE, Columbia.
Commission meetings are open to the public. People requiring special services or accommodations to attend the meeting can make arrangements at the same address, or by phone at 573/751-4115.
Commission officers are: Howard L. Wood, Bonne Terre, chairman, Stephen C. Bradford, Cape Girardeau, vice-chairman; Cynthia Metcalfe, St. Louis, secretary, and Anita B. Gorman, Kansas City, member.
- Jim Low -
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| Deer hunting opportunities have been expanded this year. Hunters can buy any-deer permits over the counter for any management unit in the state. Also, 11 new units will be open to firearms deer hunting during the antlerless-only portion of firearms deer season Dec. 19 through Dec. 22. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
Hunters will find it easier than ever to donate venison to needy Missourians, thanks to a unique partnership between government and private conservation groups.
JEFFERSON CITY -- Missourians who have taken part in Share the Harvest in the past will be glad to learn that the venison-donation program is simpler and less expensive this year. Those who haven't participated before might want to consider doing so to get in on drawings for thousands of dollars worth of prizes.
Share the Harvest began in 1991 as the Charitable Deer Meat Donation Program. The Columbia Area Archers devised the program to allow their members to donate venison to a local food bank.
The program's initial success drew the attention of the Missouri Department of Conservation and the Conservation Federation of Missouri, the state's largest citizen conservation group. Together, they expanded the program to include archery and firearms deer hunters statewide and renamed it Share the Harvest.
Last year alone, 1,623 hunters donated more than 38 tons of venison to the needy through Share the Harvest. In 1998, Shelter Insurance Companies joined the effort, putting up cash to help pay for processing deer that hunters donated to the program. Shelter continues to subsidize the program in this way.
This year, the original three partners, along with Bass Pro Shops and the University of Missouri-Columbia Greek Week, have revamped the program to make Share the Harvest participation more attractive than ever. For one thing, the hunters who donate at least one whole deer through Share the Harvest automatically will be entered in a drawing for outdoor merchandise donated by Bass Pro Shops. Items to be given away include a Winchester 150XL muzzle-loading rifle, a $500 shopping spree, a locking aluminum double gun case and dozens of other prizes. The close-of-season celebration drawing will be held after the close of archery deer season.
Another new feature is an increase in the amount hunters will be reimbursed for meat processing. Hunters who donate whole deer this year can get a coupon for a $25 rebate, up from $20 last year. In the past, reimbursements have come from Shelter Insurance. This year, the Conservation Federation will administer the reimbursements.
"It's hard to imagine a program with more benefits than this one," said Bob White, Protection Field Chief for the Conservation Department. Share the Harvest lets hunters help people in need. It's a ready-made service project for civic clubs, and it gives businesses a chance to show their civic-mindedness."
White said Share the Harvest means added business and positive feedback for participating meat processors, too.
Under Share the Harvest, hunters who want to donate venison take their deer to approved processing plants and tell the processors how much venison they want to donate. Processors package and store the meat for pickup by sponsoring groups, which deliver the venison to local food banks or other organizations for distribution to the needy.
Participating processors give hunters who donate whole deer a $25 rebate coupon. Hunters send their coupons to the Conservation Federation and receive their refund check in the mail.
Although Share the Harvest is a statewide program, it is organized and operated at the local level by civic clubs or sporting groups. The first step in setting up a Share the Harvest program is to find at least one deer processor and one charitable agency to participate in the program.
The organizing group then contacts the local conservation agent. The agent provides information and advice and ensures that both the packing house and charitable organization are reliable.
To learn if your area has a Share the Harvest program, or to create one, contact the nearest Conservation Department regional office.
To ensure that donated meat is safe, all participating processors must be subject to inspection by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Hunters interested in donating venison should check first with the packing house they use. If their regular processor is not participating in Share the Harvest, a conservation agent may be able to direct them to a processor that does participate.
Hunters don't need Share the Harvest to donate meat directly to friends or acquaintances. The Missouri Wildlife Code allows hunters to give legally taken wildlife to another person. The carcass or meat must be labeled with the full name, address and permit number of the taker. The label also must tell the species of animal and the date it was taken. The gift must be included in the recipient's possession limit.
Only the taker is allowed to give away wild meat under this provision. It does not allow processors to distribute meat donated by a hunter.
- Jim Low
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