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| Crayfish provide the foundation for Ozarks streams' smallmouth bass and goggle-eye populations, according to ground-breaking studies conducted by the Missouri Department of Conservation. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
The reduced-cost permit recognizes service members' sacrifices.
JEFFERSON CITY-Military service means sacrifice. The Missouri Conservation Commission has recognized the contribution service men and women by creating a new permit that will make hunting and fishing available to them at a hefty discount.
At its January meeting in Marshall, the Commission voted unanimously to create a Resident National Guard and Reserve Service Small Game Hunting and Fishing Permit. The permit will be available July 1 to Missouri residents who are or have been mobilized in the past 12 months, serving full-time on active duty with the National Guard or Reserves.
The Conservation Commission set the price of the permit at $5. The normal price of a resident hunting and fishing permit is $19. The commission considered making the permit free, but settled on the minimal fee to ensure that Missouri does not lose federal fish and wildlife restoration funds. Those funds are allocated on the basis of permit sales. The permits will be available only from the Conservation's Department Central Office in Jefferson City.
Conservation Department Assistant Director John Smith, who is himself a retired colonel with the U.S. Army Reserve, said the new permit is an expression of support for service members.
"Citizen soldiers in the National Guard and Reserve make tremendous sacrifices in service of their country," said Smith. "When mobilized to active military duty, people from all walks of life put their careers on hold and leave their loved ones behind to answer that call. The Conservation Commission wanted to be sure service members know how deeply we value their sacrifices."
The Conservation Department also has a Military Honors Permit designed to ensure that deployments do not deprive military personnel of hunting and fishing privileges they bought. For example, if a soldier buys a hunting and fishing permit and then is deployed out of state before the permit expires, he can get a new permit free of charge upon returning home.
Conservation Department Accounting Assistant Robin Green said she receives many reinstatement requests from military personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan who want to be able to resume hunting and fishing as soon as they return to Missouri.
For more information and permit applications, call (573) 751-4115.
-Jim Low-
Hunters and anglers have a special incentive to keep public areas clean.
JEFFERSON CITY-The 36-year-old Waynesville man undoubtedly would not have dumped a pile of used carpeting along the banks of Roubidoux Creek in Laughlin Park if he had known how much it would cost him. Besides paying $175 in fines and court costs for littering, he lost all his hunting and fishing privileges for a year.
His case was one of four in which Missourians lost hunting and fishing privileges in one month last year. At its December meeting, the Conservation Commission approved the year-long suspension of all hunting and fishing privileges for him and three others guilty of littering.
In another case, a 17-year old Clinton man dumped four bags of household garbage at the end of a dead-end road at Grand River Bottoms Wildlife Management Area on Truman Lake. The trash was not his. The rightful owner, whose identity was contained in the trash, helped Henry County Conservation Agent Kevin Dixon find the dumper. The litterer paid $155 in addition to losing his hunting and fishing privileges for a year.
Then there was the case of the 36-year-old military policeman from Fort Leonard Wood who spread bags of household trash over seven sites in Pulaski County.
"It was eight or nine bags every time," recalls Pulaski County Conservation Agent Aaron Pondrom. "Most of it was on private property adjacent to county roads, but he hit national forest land, too."
Pondrom, who also nabbed the Waynesville carpet dumper, finally tracked down the itinerant litterer and hauled him into court. It cost the rogue MP a $350 fine, $110 in court costs and the loss of all hunting and fishing privileges for a year. There is no telling what his commander had to say about the matter.
Not everyone who has their privileges suspended has dumped large quantities of trash. The Commission suspended a 21-year-old Oxly resident in part for deliberately leaving a soda bottle on the banks of the Current River at Doniphan. The man initially pleaded not guilty to the charge of littering, but in the face of detailed, eye-witness evidence gathered by the Ripley County Conservation Agent Darren Killian, the litterbug changed his tune and paid a $150 fine. The man had a track record of wildlife code violations that included hunting deer with an artificial light and fishing without a permit. The combination of offenses prompted his suspension.
The motives of litterers and dumpers vary widely. The Oxly man demonstrated what Killian called a "complete lack of respect for the outdoors and wildlife." For others, littering is simply easier or cheaper than not littering.
"Some people don't know where to take large quantities of trash," said Pondrom. "They know the trash man won't take big stuff like a whole house worth of carpeting, and instead of taking the time to find a place that will accept it, they dump it illegally on a conservation area. Others know what to do but don't want to pay to dispose of it properly."
Pondrom said dumpers who get away with their illegal behavior for awhile start to believe they will never get caught, but that is not true. "It can be easier than you might think to track them down," he said, declining to go into details.
Dixon said the actual owners of the trash sometimes are victims, too. They may be paying someone to haul away their trash and assuming it will be disposed of properly. They may even pay the hauler an extra fee to cover landfill charges. The hauler pockets both fees and dumps the trash illegally.
"Those cases usually are fairly easy to deal with," said Dixon. "The person whose trash it is doesn't want trouble, so they are glad to tell us who did the dumping."
For dumpers, the loss of Missouri hunting and fishing privileges is just the beginning. Because Missouri belongs to the Interstate Wildlife Violator Compact, suspension in the Show-Me State leads to loss of privileges in 21 other states, including Kansas, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana. For an elk or pheasant hunter or a serious trout angler, that is serious business.
-Jim Low-
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| The Belle FFA used a $500 United Sportsmen's League Wildlife Conservation Grant to translate their academic interest in wildlife into action. The group made 250 bird houses, which they distributed throughout their community in Osage and Maries counties. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
The Missouri Quail Academy teaches cadets all they need to know to win the Battle of the Bobwhite.
JEFFERSON CITY-Every army needs a training ground for new leaders. That is why the ranks of Missourians who want to bring back the bobwhite quail founded the Missouri Quail Academy. For the select few chosen to attend the week-long training, it is learning by immersion. And for a few chaperones it is a chance to earn college credit while fostering the next generation of conservationists.
The academy is a joint effort of Quail Unlimited and the Missouri Department of Conservation. This year, it will be offered twice, June 11 through 16 at Central Methodist College in Fayette and June 18 through 23 at Central Missouri State University in Warrensburg. There is room for 25 cadets and two chaperones in each session, and applications are due by March 15.
Quail cadets get crash courses in quail biology, behavior and management. The learning isn't all ivory-tower stuff, though. They spend time outdoors looking at quail habitat and seeing quail management in action. They even learn leadership and communications skills needed to organize effective quail campaigns when they return home.
The Missouri Quail Academy has opportunities for adult educators, too. Teachers who serve as "covey leaders" learn alongside their youthful counterparts, earning two hours of college credit in the process.
Getting into the academy is not easy. To qualify, applicants must be high-school sophomores or juniors who have demonstrated a strong interest in wildlife and wildlife management. They also must have a minimum grade-point average of 2.5 and complete a hunter-education course before entering the academy.
Detailed information and application forms are available from high-school guidance counselors, science teachers or vocational agriculture instructors, or online at www.missouriconservation.org/programs/academy/. You also can call Quail Unlimited Regional Director Jef Hodges, (660) 885-7057. Successful applicants will be notified by April 15.
-Jim Low-
This year's youth turkey season is the second weekend in April.
JEFFERSON CITY-For hunters who get chills when they hear a turkey gobble, the opening of spring turkey season is Christmas and Thanksgiving wrapped up in one wonderful package. For Missouri youths, the holidays come extra early this year because of a fluke in the calendar.
Since Missouri instituted its two-day youth spring turkey hunting season in 2003, the event has started nine days before the regular season opens. This year, however, this would have put young hunters and their adult companions in the woods Easter weekend. To avoid conflict with traditional family activities, the Missouri Conservation Commission moved the youth hunt back one weekend, to April 8 and 9.
That means this year's youth season will open 16 days before the regular season. This is great news for young hunters, who are more likely to hear lots of gobbling during their special season.
The amount of gobbling hunters hear always depends heavily on weather. Cold, rainy or windy conditions make gobblers less vocal. April weather is so changeable that a one-week shift in the youth season does not make much difference in the prospects for good weather. However, another factor will work in young hunters' favor this year.
Missouri's regular spring turkey season always opens on the Monday nearest April 21. This arrangement is intended to give turkeys plenty of time to breed undisturbed while still allowing hunters to be in the woods when male turkeys are actively gobbling.
Gobbling and other mating behaviors are triggered mainly by changes in light. It isn't unusual to hear the first gobbles on a sunny January morning, as birds respond to increasing day length. Gobbling reaches a crescendo the first week in April, when male turkeys are fully fired up and hens are just becoming ready to mate.
Gobbling becomes less frequent around the middle of April, when hens are receptive to gobblers' advances. During this time, hens lay an egg a day and visit gobblers often to ensure that eggs are fertilized. Gobblers don't have to be so vocal to attract mates during this period.
Toward the end of April, however, most hens finish laying eggs and begin incubating them. Finding themselves suddenly without much female companionship, toms gobble more frequently to attract the few remaining receptive hens.
April 21 is the long-term average date of the second gobbling peak. The timing of Missouri's three-week spring turkey season is designed to give hunters from northern to southern Missouri the best chance of being in the woods during the second peak in gobbling activity.
"Moving the youth season back a week puts the season right in the midst of the first gobbling peak," said Resource Scientist Jeff Beringer, who oversees the state's turkey management program. "That means kids should hear a lot of gobbling, all things being equal."
But Beringer cautioned that all years are not equal. The exact timing of the first and second peaks in gobbling activity depends on weather and other, even less predictable factors. Warm, sunny weather can set turkeys' mating calendar forward as much as a week, while cold, rainy conditions can retard the process by a week. Local conditions also can have a profound effect on gobbling.
"Sometimes you go out and hear lots of gobbling, and you think 'This is the second peak of gobbling.' Then you go a few miles away and you don't hear anything. Turkeys are a law unto themselves. That's part of why hunting them is so fascinating. No one ever completely figures out turkey behavior."
Adult hunters will have to wait longer than usual to pursue gobblers this spring. To maximize turkey breeding success and hunting opportunities, Missouri's spring turkey season opens on the Monday nearest April 21. This means that in some years, including last year, turkey season opens as early as April 18. In others, like this year, it dictates an opening date as late as April 24.
-Jim Low-
Participants will learn from wildlife biologists and seasoned hunters.
JEFFERSON CITY-The best way to learn how to hunt wild turkeys is from another turkey hunter. Young Missourians are invited to do just that at a turkey hunting clinic April 1 organized by the Missouri Department of Conservation.
The free, day-long event will take place at the Heartland Wildlife Ranch in Macon County. Participants will learn about wild turkey biology and management from Travis Moore, a Conservation Department biologist who is an avid turkey hunter himself. Other topics will include turkey hunting safety, calling, camouflage choice, and hunting turkeys with bow and arrow and muzzleloading shotguns.
Members of the National Wild Turkey Federation also will be on hand to share turkey hunting knowledge and experiences, and Wildlife Biologist Ken Ackley will demonstrate the use of the rocket net used to trap wild turkeys for restoration programs.
Activities will include a turkey shoot with awards for the best performance at shooting turkey targets. There will be door prizes, too, and a lunch featuring elk burgers.
The event is open to youths age 11 through 15. Those under age 12 must be accompanied by adults. The registration deadline is March 24. For more information, call (660) 785-2420.
-Jim Low-
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| Hatchery managers at Missouri’s four trout parks expect smaller-than-average crowds on opening day of the catch-and-keep trout fishing season March 1. That is because the date falls on a Wednesday this year. In all, they estimate the event will draw fewer than 8,000 anglers. The Missouri Department of Conservation will release three trout for every anticipated angler. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
Both needed clean water to survive.
PROTEM, Mo.-Will a tiny school in the Ozarks save an endangered species, or did the endangered species save the school? It’s an intriguing question with an irrelevant answer-irrelevant because each is going to benefit from the other’s predicament.
When the Mark Twain School breaks ground for a new sewage system Feb. 17 it will mark the success of an attempt to save a school and an endangered mollusk. On one end of this story is the Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri), a small invertebrate whose range consists of a single cave-Tumbling Creek Cave-in eastern Taney County. A dwindling population earned this almost-microscopic snail federal designation as an endangered species in August 2002 and made it one of several poster species for declining water quality in southwest Missouri.
The other party in this story is Mark Twain R-VIII School. This kindergarten-through-eighth-grade school sits at Branson’s eastern doorstep, but shares none of the renowned city’s glitz or glamour. The school and its 76 students occupy a spot among the wooded Ozark hills near the small community of Protem, north of Bull Shoals Lake. The rural character of the school district and its tiny budget speak much more of Ozarks-past than Ozarks-present.
The school’s ever-tenuous hold on solvency received a potentially crippling blow last October when an inspection revealed that the facility’s antiquated sewage lagoon was leaking. The lagoon was condemned, and the school was informed it would have to build a new sewage system-a project far beyond the budgetary hopes of even the most optimistic board members.
“That’s when the guardian angels started coming out of the sky,” R-VIII School Superintendent Richard Needham said.
One of the first circumstances to break Mark Twain School’s way was geography. The school lies inside the area where rainfall that seeps into the ground collects and creates Tumbling Creek, the underground stream for which the cave and its unique snail are named. Sewage leaking from the school’s lagoon was one factor that was making life for the cavesnail more difficult. Ironically, the problem was the key to its own solution.
With the wellbeing of the cavesnail as a justification, Missouri Department of Conservation Private Land Conservationists Larry Martien and Justin Pepper secured a federally funded Wildlife Diversity Fund grant of $20,000 for a new lagoon.
After this initial funding boost, other dollars began to arrive through the help of Rita Mueller with Southwest Missouri Resource Conservation and Development. She contacted state, federal and local agencies that have an interest in improving water quality. The Mark Twain School received $22,000 in Title III funding-money paid by the U.S. Forest Service to schools that have facilities on Forest Service Land. The school’s lagoon was located on Mark Twain National Forest land.
The Taney County Sewer District gave $43,000 in emergency funds. Another $2,000 pledge came from Tom and Cathy Aley. The Aleys own the Ozarks Underground Laboratory, a research and educational facility whose centerpiece is Tumbling Creek Cave. Private and public contributions have continued, and to date the school has accumulated $89,000 for a project that has a bid cost of $89,900.
The new sewage system will have peat filters, drip fields and other environmentally friendly features. The leaky lagoon soon will be replaced with an outdoor classroom developed by the school and the Conservation Department. There, students will learn lessons about the environment-lessons like the one that saved the school and the snail. The Taney County Commission plans to build a pavilion at the school to encourage public use of the facility.
“We could not have existed without the help we’ve received from federal government, state government, county government and private citizens,” Needham said. “This has restored my faith in humanity.”
-Francis Skalicky-
Missouri has a chance to revamp duck hunting regulations every five years. The Conservation Department needs to know what hunters want.
JEFFERSON CITY-The Missouri Department of Conservation wants to hear from hunters who have ideas about how duck hunting regulations could be improved. They also want to hear from those who want regulations to stay the same. You can have your say in the matter at any of eight meetings to be held around the state in March.
Because ducks and other waterfowl migrate across state and international boundaries, ultimate responsibility for their management rests in the hands of federal officials. However, state officials help the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gather information about waterfowl population trends, and they get a say in how hunting regulations are set.
Rather than changing waterfowl hunting regulations every year, state and federal officials have agreed to set season dates and hunting zones and leave them in effect for at least five years at a time. This permits effective evaluation of regulations’ effect on waterfowl populations.
So, states get to readjust their duck hunting rules every five years. This year is Missouri’s time to reexamine waterfowl hunting regulations, and the Conservation Department wants to know how hunters feel about the past five years’ experience and what they would like to see for the next five years.
“Missouri has a lot of different places and ways to hunt waterfowl,” said Conservation Department Resource Scientist Dave Graber. “Our regulations have to take into account the preferences of hunters in northwest Missouri, in the Bootheel and everywhere in between. Even in one region of the state, hunters can have very different ideas about season splits and zone boundaries. Finding compromises that meet everyone’s needs is a challenge that we take very seriously.”
To get an accurate idea of how duck hunters in every part of the state feel about waterfowl regulations, the Conservation Department will hold eight public meetings at locations throughout the state. Graber urged everyone with an interest in duck and goose hunting to attend one of the meetings.
“Some hunters are very good about making their desires known without our having to seek them out. That is great, but we also want to know how less outspoken hunters feel. These meetings are their chance to tell us.”
Waterfowl hunting regulation meetings will be held from 7–9 p.m. at the following locations. Details about the meetings are available by calling the numbers listed for each meeting.
-- Columbia, March 13 at the American Legion Post 202, 600 S. Legion Lane (573) 882-8388;
--Jackson, March 15 at the Knights of Columbus Hall, 3305 N. High (also known as Hwy 61 between Jackson and Fruitland) (573) 290-5730;
--Dexter, March 16 at the National Guard Armory, Highway 114 East near the airport, (573) 290-5730;
--Kirkwood, March 23 at the Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center, 11715 Cragwold Rd., (636) 441-4554;
--Springfield, March 28 at the Andy Dalton Shooting Range and Training Center, Green County Farm Rd. 61 (located 2/12 miles south of Hwy. 160 West), (417) 895-6880;
--Lamar, March 29 at Memorial Hall, 1100 Broadway, (417) 884-2526 or (417) 895-6880;
--Blue Springs, March 30 at the Burr Oak Woods Conservation Nature Center, 1401 NW Park Rd., (816) 655-6250.
-Jim Low-
Much work remains to be done before biologists know how soon-and how fully-fish and wildlife will recover.
LESTERVILLE, Mo.-Much of the damage from a reservoir failure in Reynolds County late last year is obvious. The flood obliterated a campground and destroyed buildings at Johnson’s Shut-Ins State Park. It smothered a natural area with muck and muddied a reservoir and two rivers. But more subtle effects will linger long after facilities are rebuilt, water is cleared and debris is removed. Assessing the biological effects of the calamity is the job of the Missouri Department of Conservation, along with other agencies.
The flood occurred in the early morning hours of Dec. 14, when the upper reservoir of AmerenUE’s Taum Sauk hydroelectric power plant failed, releasing more than a billion gallons of water into the East Fork of the BlackRiver. No human lives were lost, but the flood changed the landscape and the stream, affecting plants and animals.
The hydroelectric plant included an upper reservoir atop Profitt Mountain and a larger lower reservoir on the river’s East Fork. Johnson’s Shut-Ins State Park lies between the two reservoirs. As the water rushed downhill, it uprooted trees and scraped parts of the mountain down to bare, volcanic rock. By the time it reached the park, the torrent carried tons of boulders, gravel and mud and hundreds of trees.
Entering the Black River’s East Fork at the north end of the state park, the water sloshed across the valley, obliterating an empty campground and almost everything else in its path. The once-forested flood plain above and below Highway N was blanketed with natural and manmade debris, including pieces of the upper reservoir’s concrete dam and heavy plastic liner.
As it cascaded through the gorge from which Johnson’s Shut-Ins State Park gets its name, the abrasive mix of water and debris scoured away trees far up the rock walls. After leaving the shut-ins the surge of water and sediment quickly filled all of Lower Taum Sauk Lake’s extra capacity. The dam held, in spite of being overtopped. That prevented severe flooding downstream, but muddy water fouled the East Fork and the Black River far downstream.
In the aftermath of the flood, Conservation Department biologists have been called on to assess its impact on nature, especially fish and other aquatic life. In a lucky coincidence, the agency already had been conducting biological surveys on the East Fork and Black River in preparation for the renewal of AmerenUE’s federal license for the Taum Sauk power facility. Having pre-flood biological data will permit better evaluation of the flood’s effects.
Conservation Department workers have started gathering information on possible flood impacts, including:
--Aquatic habitat loss.
--Fish numbers and variety.
--Tree losses.
--Changed stream-flow patterns.
--Soil erosion.
Resource Scientist Del Lobb said most of the fish and wildlife living in and along the East Fork upstream from the lower reservoir probably were either killed or washed downstream. He said one goal of sampling is to determine how quickly fish populations recover. One interesting early finding is the discovery of madtoms, tiny catfish that normally are found only in streams, in the lower reservoir.
Flood water washed over the lower reservoir’s dam, discharging a large amount of silt and sand into the Black River. The lower reservoir remained muddy and continued to discharge muddy water into the Black River. AmerenUE used chemicals to settle sediment suspended in the reservoir water. The treatment, which also is used in municipal drinking-water supplies, is considered safe, and the effort cleared the reservoir’s water substantially. The Conservation Department and other agencies will monitor the long-term effectiveness of efforts to clear the water.
Johnson’s Shut-Ins State Park contains three natural areas-the shut-ins area itself, a glade and a moist area known as a fen. Johnson’s Shut-Ins Fen Natural Area, which harbors several rare and unusual plants, was smothered by mud and debris. State and federal agencies are working with consultants for AmerenUE who are removing the mud by hand in an attempt to save as many plants as possible. The calendar is on their side, as most of the plants are dormant in winter.
The park is closed to the public due to safety concerns while clean up and reconstruction take place. To let Missourians see the damage and ongoing restoration work, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources has created a gallery of dozens of aerial and ground-based photos at www.mostateparks.com/jshutins/pics_main.htm.
-Jim Low-
KIRKWOOD, Mo.-The Missouri Conservation Commission will hold its next meeting at 8:30 a.m. March 3 at the Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center, 11715 Craigwold Road, Kirkwood.
Commission meetings are open to the public. Items to be placed on the agenda for presentations or other business should be sent in writing to Director, Missouri Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180, fax 573/751-4467, at least 10 working days before the meeting date. The deadline for the next meeting is Feb. 16.
People requiring special services or accommodations to attend the meeting can make arrangements by writing to the same address, or by phone at 573/751-4115.
Commissioners are Lowell Mohler, Jefferson City, chairman; Stephen Bradford, Cape Girardeau, vice-chairman; Cynthia Metcalfe, St. Louis, secretary; Chip McGeehan, Marshfield, member.
-Jim Low-
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| Missouri's spring paddlefish snagging season opens March 15. Anglers are allowed to keep two fish a day. The minimum length limit for paddlefish at Lake of the Ozarks, Truman Lake and Table Rock Lake and their tributaries is 34 inches from the eye to the fork of the tail. On all other waters, the minimum length limit is 24 inches. (Missouri Dept. of Conservation photo) |
The Missouri Department of Conservation has condensed its previous tree book into a version you can easily carry in the woods.
JEFFERSON CITY-Missourians who want an easy, convenient way to identify trees in yards, parks or forests have a new resource at their disposal, "The Trees of Missouri Field Guide."
The pocket-sized paperback is the latest addition to the Missouri Department of Conservation's series of nature books. At 147 pages, it is detailed enough to enable anyone to identify 174 tree species commonly encountered in the Show-Me State. It uses leaf shape and other easily observed characteristics to help amateur naturalists tell trees apart. Dozens of color plates and photos aid in the process.
Like the earlier and much larger "Trees of Missouri," the field guide is the work of retired Natural History Chief Don Kurz. The book costs $7.50 plus shipping and handling and sales tax, where applicable. To order, call toll free (877) 521-8632 or visit mdcnatureshop.com.
-Jim Low-
Explore Missouri's turkey-hunting roots with a managed youth, archery or firearms hunt at Caney Mountain Conservation Area in Ozark County.
GAINESVILLE Mo.-Looking out over the rocky glades of Caney Mountain Conservation Area in Ozark County, or standing in one of its steep, silent hollows, it's easy to feel as if you have been transported back in time. The remote, untamed character that makes the area appealing to modern-day hunters also made it one of the last refuges for the wild turkey.
Today, hunters can savor the area's history and the excitement of spring turkey hunting in a series of managed hunts sponsored by the Missouri Department of Conservation.
When the Conservation Department began its turkey restoration program in the 1950s, it estimated the state's total wild turkey population at fewer than 2,500. Caney Mountain was one of the few places where the birds survived, so the agency made it a refuge. Once the local flock was large enough, biologists trapped Caney Mountain birds and used them to re-establish turkey populations in other areas.
The program, along with conservative hunting regulations and strong citizen support, succeeded so well that Missouri now leads the nation in turkey harvest. Last year's combined spring and fall turkey harvests totaled more than 69,000 birds.
This year's managed hunts include one for 10 hunters ages 6 to 15, another for up to 30 archers the first week of the spring turkey season and two more hunts for 30 archery or gun hunters each during each of the final two weeks of the spring turkey season.
The application period is Feb. 14 through March 14. You can apply by calling (800) 829-2956 or online at mdc.mo.gov/cgi-bin/mgm-turkey/hunts.htm.
-Jim Low-
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